Administrator Clintox - One

Historical QOD 1/13/09: Describe what is referred to by each color in the 4 color-coded diamond National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 system placard for hazardous materials information. Red refers to flammability, blue refers to health hazard, yellow refers to chemical reactivity, and white refers…

What is benzodiazepine-resistant alcohol withdrawal syndrome (BZD-resistant AWS)? In some patients, benzodiazepines do not improve symptoms of AWS, which is likely due to GABA-A receptor saturation. Although there is no standard definition, the cited reference suggests that the requirement of greater than 40 mg of…

According to some preliminary studies, where might ketamine show promise in treating alcohol withdrawal syndrome? According to the cited reference, ketamine might provide symptom control in benzodiazepine-refractory patients and could reduce lorazepam infusion requirements. In this study, all patients achieved within one hour of ketamine…

What are the first signs of intoxication with Taxus baccata, and what type of toxicity can occur with severe intoxications? The first signs of intoxication with Taxus baccata (European/English yew) are typically nausea, abdominal pain, and emesis. Cardiotoxicity mediated by inhibition of sodium and calcium…

In an analysis of cases of human cannabidiol exposures extracted from the U.S. National Poison Data System between July 2014 and June 2021, what were the average annual exposure case rates during the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods? In Perez-Vilar et al.’s study, average annual exposure…

Historical QOD 1/12/09: What is polymer fume fever? Polymer fumer fever is a self-limited systemic illness that primarily presents with pulmonary symptoms. Polymer fume fever is caused by inhalation of heated polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) above 350-400 degrees C. Shusterman DJ. Polymer fume fever and other fluorocarbon…

In a case study published in 2020, what two assessment tools were used to associate teriflunomide as the cause of observed severe hepatic injury? The Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) scale and Hy’s law. Kathy T. LeSaint, Javier Waksman & Craig G. Smollin (2020)…

According to Seger et al., administration of what dose of naloxone should be considered in children with clonidine toxicity? 10 mg. Seger DL, Loden JK. Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Oct;56(10):873-879. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1450986. Epub 2018 Mar 16. PMID:…

Through what mechanism is psilocybin thought to exhibit antidepressant effects? Psilocybin is thought to exhibit antidepressant effects through agonism at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. When ingested, psilocybin is in a prodrug form that is metabolized in-vivo to the active form, psilocin, which is structurally similar…

Mitragynine, one of two active ingredients in Kratom, can interact with prescription medications through which mechanism? Mitragynine can inhibit hepatic demethylases, hepatic transferases and UPD glucoronosyltransferases, which are involved in the metabolism of many prescription medications. Through this mechanism, mitragynine has also been linked to…